Remember the Titans, Directed by Boaz Yakin: Describing the Character of Gerry Bertier Essay

The film ‘Remember the Titans’ directed by Boaz Yakin filmed in the year 2000. in this essay I will describe how a character changes throughout the movie. the character I have chosen is Gerry Bertier the captain of the titans football team, in the movie Gerry changes from races to against racism. At the start of the film Remember the Titans, Gerry Bertier rushers to a fight against black people this is how Boaz Yakin explains that Gerry Bertier is racist because Gerry rusher into a fight without knowing the reason why the fight broke out. In my own opinion I think Gerry is racist because he is going to fight because he is white and he is against black people, so were Ray, Allen and the others that followed their captain Gerry Bertier into the fight. Half way through the movie when the titan’s football team is on camp Julius challenges Gerry because ray isn’t blocking for Rev (black football player) and Julius mentions to Gerry â€Å"attitude reflects leadership† Gerry then looks at Julius and starts to realise that what he is doing is wrong. I think what Julius said changed Gerry’s perspective because he looked shocked and he realises that he has to do something about Ray not blocking for Rev because he could get hurt and he needs to change his attitude to become a better captain. The morning after Julius’s and Gerry’s argument, coach Boone wakes the team up at 3am in the morning all coach Boones says is don’t get lost on the way, the team set out on a early morning run, coach Boone leads them to Gettysburg where he tells them about what happened there, when coach Boone is talking the director has captured a close up shot of Gerry that film technique shows the audience that Gerry is listening to coach Boone, later on in the film it proves that he listen to coach Boone because Gerry tells Ray off for not blocking he tells him to block Rev and Julius see that he is trying to change his perspective in how Gerry sees black people they look at each other and smile then Gerry taps Julius on the shoulder and says â€Å"this is left side† Julius replies with â€Å"strong side† they repeat those word over and over again. I think that Gerry is now realising that to become a great captain he has to overcome all the racism and work toget her in order for the team to achieve success. One of the games Ray ends up letting the opposition through and Rev gets hit and he breaks his wrist Ray acts like he doesn’t know what happened but Gerry knew that Ray didn’t block on purpose because at the start of the film Ray says to Gerry â€Å"I’m just buying my time† and Julius realises that he wasn’t going to block for Rev because he was black Julius tried warning Gerry and that’s how Gerry knew he didn’t block on purpose. After the game Gerry says to Ray â€Å" your off the team Ray† Gerry has kicked Ray off the team that’s shows that he has changed and he is non-racist no more by kicking ray off the team it also shows that he is putting the team before himself. I think that he has finally changed his perspective about racism. In conclusion, the director Boaz Yakin has made the audience realise that the main character that changed for the good of things was Gerry Bertier he went from racist to non-racist he overc ame many obstacles and he united his football team the titans.

Is male more aggressive than female? Essay

It is generally thought that human males tend to behave more violently and aggressively than human females – and it seems true. In United States, most of the homicides during 1980 to 2008 are males, representing 90% of the total number (United States Department of Justice, 2010), and it is also the trend in the whole world. The reason of the difference between man and female in violence is always explained biologically – the testosterone level of adult males is 20 times to females, as testosterone would make people more aggressive (Terburg & Aarts & Honk, 2011). However, it is not a suitable explanation to the question as the testosterone level of boys and girl are same until they are about eight years old and boys actually acting more violently and aggressively since four-year-old. A more reliable explanation would be the different of size of corpus callosum, which is the part that connects the right and the left hemisphere in the brain. As boys are having a smaller co rpus callosum than girls, they are more difficult to work under trauma and neglect comparing to girls. Therefore, boys needs to receive more love and caretaking than girls in order to keep their corpus callosum. If their caretaker could not give them enough attention, their prefrontal cortices, which are the part of brain related to self control and empathy would be damaged. The amygdala, which is the part of brain forming the feeling of fear, would also be excited, and fears would be formed. As a result, their serotonin levels would be decreased and product more corticosterone, and these would led to the decrease of calming ability and the increase of stress hormone. Therefore, boys are more easily to have weaker selves, lower empathy, lower control on avoid to behave violently and more fears. However, the society is most likely to give less care and love to males as the society requests males to be brave, strong and independent. Males are hard to gain love and caring as they need to fit in a image of male in the society. The situation increase the aggressive of male further. These factors led to the difference of violent behavior and aggressive level between boys and girls (Demause, 2010). In other species, mainly mammals such as rat, would have a similar gender difference which male is more violently and aggressively than females. According to a study (Adams, 1991), males are much more easily to fright with another male than female when during the breeding season while in the  presence of females. However, the gender different of violent would only occur in this moment. Male and female are having no difference on aggressive level and behaving violent in other situation such as defending and offending according to the study. The reason of this difference is that males need to defeat other males to mate with female during the breeding season in order to reproduce the next generation. The violent of male during this period is base on the genetic setting, which creature needs to reproduce continuously. Although there are similar gender differences of violent behavior between animal and human, they obviously do not having similar theories. The gender difference of violent of human is because of the difference of brain structure and the pressure needed to bear. The difference is not just occurred because of biosocial reason, but also artificial reason. Although the brain structure could not be changed, the most importance reason to increase the violent behavior and aggressive level of male is still base on how the family and society treat them. Generally, people will not blame and punish non-human animals for their bad behavior including killing people because people consider that the behavior of animals are genetic and could not be controlled by themselves. Although some of these animals may be killed as they are considered to be dangerous to human, most of them would not be seen as guilty. Some may think that part of human personality had been also designed in the DNA before birthing, so it is not fair to blame human who had done something wrong as the personality had soon designed how he or she would behave and he or she is forced to do the bad behavior by the DNA. However, human is differing from other non-human species because human have the ability to control their behavior. Human have the ability to learn to behave good by considering the others and do something that would not harming and annoying others. Actually, genetic is not very importance for affecting human’s personality. For example, although the diff erence of violent behavior and aggressive level between male and female is partly related to the genetic different as mentioned, it could be changed by suitable nurturance. Male could build up a static and calm personality if they had received enough love and care from the society and family. The later and earlier generation of criminal are not inheriting the personality the genetic of behaving badly. It is obvious that  nurture plays a more importance role of shaping one’s personality than genetic factor. Therefore, human can and should avoid behaving badly. Human have developed a lot of way and system in order to teach human avoid doing something which would harm others and doing something that would benefit others and the society. Civilization and education are common way to teach people how to control their behavior and doing something that would be good for the society. Human build up moralities in order to set rules of how human act and behave. Human could learn how to behave good through moral education and taking the behavior of their family members, friends and society as example to learn how to behave good. It is also a big different to animals as animals would only living following their instinctive reaction. They do not have the ability to recognize what is right and what is wrong. They also do not have the ability to learn how to behave good and consider the situation of other.

Mkt 421 Week 1

Summary of Point Values for Course Assignments ASSIGNMENTSPoints Individual (75%) Defining Marketing Paper (Week 1) (Sunday, January 8th, 2012)8 Marketing Mix Paper (Week 2) (Sunday, January 15th, 2012)8 Marketing Research Paper (Week 3) (Sunday, January 22nd, 2012)8 â€Å"Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing† Simulation Summary (Week 4) (Sunday, January 29th, 2012)8 Environmental Factors Paper (Week 5) (Sunday, February 5th, 2012)8 Final Examination (Week 5) (Monday, February 6th, 2012)15 Participation (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)10 Weekly Summaries (2 points per week)10 Learning Team (25%) Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper (Week 2) (Monday, January 16th, 2012)5 Marketing Plan: Phase II Paper (Week 3) (Monday, January 23rd, 2012)5 Marketing Plan: Phase III Paper (Week 4) (Monday, January 30th, 2012)5 Marketing Plan: Final Paper (Week 5) (Monday, February 6th, 2012)10 Total100 Week One: Marketing Fundamentals DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Define marketing. 1. 2Explain the importance of marketing in organizational success. 1. 3Describe the elements of the marketing mix. 1. 4Explain the importance of the marketing mix in the development of marketing strategy and tactics. . 5Create a marketing plan. 1. 6Identify quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control marketing effectiveness. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 & 2 of Basic Marketing. Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Marketing Management. Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days duri ng the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Learning Team InstructionsResources: University Library, Internet Create the Learning Team Charter. (Due Week 1) Create a new product or service for an existing organization. LEARNING TEAM MUST HAVE INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL ON PRODUCT AND ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO STARTING ON PHASE 1. Begin working on the Marketing Plan. Your Learning Team will complete assignments related to creating a Marketing Plan. These assignments will culminate in the Marketing Plan: Final Paper and Presentation due in Week Five. POST: Final Deliverables Folder in Team Forum The Marketing Plan deliverables are: Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper (Due Week 2) Marketing Plan: Phase II Paper (Due Week 3) Marketing Plan: Phase III Paper (Due Week 4) Marketing Plan: Final Paper and Presentation (Due Week 5)Monday, January 9th Individual Defining Marketing Resource: University Library Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you define marketing. Include in your paper your personal definition of marketing and definitions from two different sources. Based on these definitions, explain the importance of marketing in organizational success. Provide at least three examples from the business world to support your explanation. Properly cite sources used in the paper. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 8th 8 Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each other's summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST: Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 9th2 Week Two: Marketing Research DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Justify the importance of marketing research in the development of marketing strategy and tactics. . 2Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis in marketing. 2. 3Identify various segmentation criteria that impact target market selection. 2. 4Describe the various types of organizational buyers and consumers and the factors that influence their purchasing decisions. ReadingsRead Ch. 8 of Marketing. Read Ch. 4, 5, & 6 of Marketing: An Introduction. Review this week†™s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? oint per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Individual Marketing MixResources: University Library, Internet Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you describe the elements of the marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion), utilizing three different sources. In addition, select an organization with which you are familiar and describe how each one of the four elements of the marketing mix affects the development of the organization’s marketing strategy and tactics. Describe how each element is implemented. Specifically identify your selected organization and the industry in which it exists. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 15th8 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase IResources: University Library, Internet Create a new product or service for an existing organization. This product or service will be the basis for your Marketing Plan Paper. Obtain your instructor’s approval of your product or service before beginning this project. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper to include the following: †¢An overview of the existing organization †¢A description of the new product or service †¢An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success †¢A SWOTT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends) analysis on the new product or service †¢The marketing research approach you would use to develop the marketing strategy and tactics for this new product or service Refer to the Marketing Plan Outline listed on the student website for the general framework of the Marketing Plan. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 16th5 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST: Individual Forum Monday, January 16th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each other's summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST: Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 16th2 Week Three: Marketing Strategy: Product and Price DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Describe the relationship between differentiation and position of products or services. 3. 2Analyze the impact of the product life cycle on marketing. . 3Identify the appropriate price strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. ReadingsRead Ch. 4, 9, 10, 17, & 18 of Basic Marketing. Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualif ying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Individual Marketing ResearchResources: University Library, Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization Use the Virtual Organization link on the student website to access additional company information on Kudler Fine Foods. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you justify the importance of marketing research in the development of Kudler Fine Food’s marketing strategy and tactics, and identify the areas where additional market research is needed. Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis in regards to the development of Kudler Fine Food’s marketing strategy and tactics. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 22nd8 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase IIResources: University Library, Internet Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the following: Identify the segmentation criteria that will affect your target market selection. Identify your target market. Describe the organizational buyers and consumers of your product or service and the factors that influence their purchasing decisions. Discuss how these factors will affect your marketing strategy. Analyze current competitors and define the competitive landscape for your product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 23rd5 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST: Individual Forum Monday, January 23rd Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each other's summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST: Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 23rd2 Week Four: Marketing Strategy: Place and Promotion DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Analyze the impact of channel management decision on marketing. 4. Select appropriate distribution channels. 4. 3Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. ReadingsRead Ch. 11, 12, 14, & 16 of Basic Marketing. Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Discussion questions will count as participation. Individual Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing SimulationResources: Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing simulation Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you address the following: For each of the three major phases in the simulation, describe †¢The situation †¢Your recommended solutions, including why †¢Your results Summarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation by answering the following questions: What is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services? Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, January 29th8 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase III Resources: University Library, Internet Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper to include the following information: Describe the attributes of your product or service in detail. †¢Describe the pace at which your product will move through the product life cycle and the factors that will affect its movement. How will the product life cycle affect the marketing of your selected product or service? †¢Identify the positioning and differentiation strategies for the product or service. †¢Identify the a ppropriate price strategy that should be used for the product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, January 30th 5 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST: Individual Forum Monday, January 30th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each other's summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST: Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, January 30th2 Week Five: The Dynamic Environment of Marketing DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify environmental factors that affect marketing decisions. 5. 2Explain the impact of technology on marketing. 5. 3Analyze the importance of social responsibility and ethics in marketing. ReadingsRead Ch. 3 & 13 of Marketing Management. Read Ch. 15 & 16 of Marketing: An Introduction. Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion. Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. (2 points per week, ? point per qualifying day – 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)2 Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. Individual Environmental FactorsResources: University Library, Internet Select an organization with which you are familiar that conducts both domestic and global marketing. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you identify the environmental factors that affect global and domestic marketing decisions. Address the following as they relate to the organization’s marketing decisions: Analyze the influence of global economic interdependence and the effect of trade practices and agreements. †¢Examine the importance of demographics and physical infrastructure. †¢Analyze the influence of cultural differences. †¢Examine the importance of social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations. †¢Analyze the effect of politica l systems and the influence of international relations. †¢Analyze the influence of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as well as the influence of local, national, and international legislation. †¢Explain the effect of technology. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Sunday, February 5th8 Individual Final ExaminationResource: Basic Marketing Click the link to the Final Examination on the student website available at the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five. Complete the Final Examination. You are allowed one attempt to complete the exam, which is timed and must be completed in 3 hours. Results are auto graded and sent to your instructor. However, please post a copy in your individual forum. Monday, February 6th15 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Final Paper Resources: University Library, Internet Use the Marketing Plan Outline listed on the student website as a guide. Write a 6,300- to 7,000-word paper integrating your previous Learning Team assignments into a final Marketing Plan Paper. In addition, address the following information in your paper: †¢Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. †¢Develop an initial sales promotion schedule. †¢Create an advertising plan. †¢Identify public relations opportunities for the product or service. †¢Analyze the effect of channel management decisions on the marketing or your selected product or service. Select appropriate distribution channels for your product or service and address costs in terms of placement, shipping, and middlemen. †¢Develop a budget for your plan. †¢Identify quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control the effectiveness of your marketing plan. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. A Certificate of Originality should be included. Monday, February 6th10 Individual Peer EvaluationAfter each Learning Team project, you will be asked to complete a Peer Evaluation to assess the contributions of each member of your Learning Team (including yourself). I will take these Peer Evaluations into account when assessing individual contributions to the Learning Team projects. The Peer Evaluation form and instructions for posting are included in a separate message in the Course Materials forum. POST: Individual Forum Monday, February 6th Individual Weekly SummaryPost your summary in the Main forum and begin responding to each other's summaries. Summaries should include key learning points for the week. Summaries should be at least 200 words. POST: Summary thread for each week in the main forum. Monday, February 6th2

Calssification types of friends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Calssification types of friends - Essay Example Good friends are one of the best means of information. While discussing these subjects with the good friends, not only I find new information, but also improve my social skills. Good friends may argue with me, but the extra effort I have to put in to defend my stance plays a big role in improving my analytical skills. A good friend is not somebody I can tell everything. I never discuss personal matters with good friends. The next time I see a good friend, I may not even remember what the topic we last talked about was. I spend a lot of time with good friends. I may or may not invite them on my birthday, though I would like to be in the company of a good friend when I go for swimming or for playing soccer. I would rather like to play with a good friend than a stranger. Good friends are people I can approach when I am feeling low, not to discuss what is making me feel low, but to get lost in the discussion with them and forget the issue that made me feel low. Good friends make me feel happy. A best friend is a person I allow insight into my personal life. According to Charles Caleb Colton, â€Å"True friendship is like sound health, the value of it is seldom known until it is lost† (Indianchild.com, 2000). I don’t hide anything from my best friends. I talk to the best friends so often that they almost always know what I did from the morning till night. They know what is going on in my life and I know what is going on in theirs. Best friends are the best emotional support for me. They are the ones I can approach when I am feeling low to seek advice about the matter that is making me feel low. From my love affairs to my psychological problems, I discuss everything with my best friends. I don’t have to pretend anything in front of my best friends. They know me exactly as I am. They know the person I am with all my weaknesses and strengths. I always consult best friends when I am in any kind of trouble. I

Assessment and Diagnosis of Venous Leg Ulcer Essay - 2

Assessment and Diagnosis of Venous Leg Ulcer - Essay Example It is thus important to adopt a good follow up plan to facilitate such an obligation. In order to attain this, all stakeholders ought to cooperate at length to facilitate a turnaround. The report is based on a scenario where an 80-year-old is infected with a leg ulcer disease at her lower limp; it comes to our attention that this wasn’t the last time she was exposed to such a disease but had on previous occasions had some success stories which spanned within a period of about three years in counting. While addressing her current condition a number of considerations had to be made while aiming at providing accurate treatment. This is as highlighted below; In the event of being infected with a leg ulcer disease, one ought to go to a qualified medical physician for help. This is due to its ability to affect one's health and could as well go out of hand. While carrying out the diagnosis not all physicians qualify; such assessment can only be carried out by those trained in ulcer management. As a result of a regular encounter with similar cases, some are likely to prescribe the best treatment for this disease. The report, however, tends to look at the necessary procedures to be followed while treating a patient with such a disease. Assessment phase helps while checking on how bad the disease could have gone out of hand thus prescribing the best kind of treatment. While the patient could be portraying certain symptoms such features ought to be compared to those already captured pertain the same disease. This is due to it likely to be related thus could as well help in ensuring a good approach is put to task other than employing trial and e rror method (Sussman & Bates-Jensen, 2007). It is at the Doppler stage that the findings are analyzed at length while checking on how critical the condition could have gone. Several questions are likely to be asked as highlighted.

Health Policy Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Racial Profiling- Reflection - Coursework Example his of course led me to research the alternatives and to look at how we could stop the use of racial profiling, while still retaining a positive approach to the reduction of crime and terrorism specifically. I discovered that our history was not extremely bright with regards to the approach to race and criminal justice. Through our past indiscretions and current problems I learned that this was an approach that required drastic change for the future well-being of the criminal justice system in our nation. My desire to pursue and realize true equality met with the reality of our current system and while slowed in my approach I have become more focused on this as an issue that must see relief. I am sickened by the use of racially motivated approaches within the system, and feel very strongly that these approaches can only further hinder our progress and the modernization of the system as it stands today. It is my desire to see an end occur regarding racial profiling and in fact any use of race as anything more than a designator within the current criminal justice system. Overall the information that I discovered in research has allowed me to approach this issue from a completely different angle than I would normally take it. That of history and the desire to be more than our

Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire Instrument Critique Research Paper

Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire Instrument Critique - Research Paper Example In the development of the instrument, studies describing critically ill patients’ patterns of sleep were used as a theoretical basis for various items incorporated into the instrument. The instrument was validated against the polysomnograph and found to be an improvement in measuring sleep quality for patients in intensive care (Richards et al, 2000). As currently used, the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire reflects five items that are used for measuring sleep quality in ICU patients. These are the depth of sleep, ability to fall asleep, number of times the patients wake up, percentage of the time the patients are awake, and the overall sleep quality of the patients (Richards et al, 2000). The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, on top of these five items, also includes a rating for noise during the nighttime, which are scored using a visual analogue scale. The five scores for the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire is averaged, and the mean score used in determining sleep quality. Night shift nurses are required to complete the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire with regards to the sleep quality of their patients overnight, while the patients also fill in the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire after they wake up. The instrument was modified to measure how many awakenings the patient had during their sleep in order to d ifferentiate between patients who woke up frequently and those who did not wake up during their sleep. Further advances in the instrument involved the requirement that the items and directions on the questionnaire be read out to the patients in intensive care (Richards et al, 2000). This was because, while patients have been found to have little trouble in completing it if nurses read the items and directions out to them, majority of the critically ill patients had problems when completing the questionnaire without provision of assistance. However, for obvious reasons, this survey is only useful if the patients are awake and non-delirious. The visual analog nature of the Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire scales means that, as a measure of the latency of sleep, it is not very sensitive in comparison to other modalities of scaling (Richards et al, 2000). For this reason, there is a need to revise the instrument. This could be done in order to improve the Richard-Campbell Sleep Ques tionnaire’s ability to predict the efficiency of sleep in intensive care patients. For example, the instrument could be revised by adding more items in an attempt to predict sleep efficiency with an improved percentage of variance. However, this will be done at the risk of decreasing the practicality of outcome measurements for patients who are critically ill (Richards et al, 2000), especially as increasing the number of items may be too much for nurses who are overworked and patients who are critically ill and may be too weak to answer them. The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire’s predictive ability could also be potentially improved by adding another section with more items for nurses. This additional section would consist of additional observations that the nurses make for the critically ill patients’ quality of sleep (Richards et al, 2000). The Richard-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire could also be revised to account for sleep characteristic

Gulf Air Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gulf Air - Case Study Example Assets of the gulf air company have become manifold as compared to the time it started its business. (Gulf Air Official Website, 2010) The history of Gulf aviation relates back to the 1940s when a British pilot and entrepreneur named Freddie Bosworth started a company with the aim of providing air taxi services to the local customers and to the businesses. For ten years he was carrying on with the company with his small fleet of aircrafts and at the end of first quarter of 1950 he transformed his business into a private shareholding company with the name of Gulf Aviation. Therefore, it can be regarded as one of the oldest air carriers performing operations in the Middle East. After some time in 1951, the founder of the company died and it was all set to be sold to the big guns of the aviation industry. (Gulf Air Official Website, 2010) In the month of October of the year 1951 British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) acquired a 22% stake in the Gulf Aviation and therefore became a major share holder in the company. After the purchase of stake of the Gulf Aviation by British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) some of the updated and technologically advanced aircrafts were added to the fleet of the company as well as the company started its services to London city. Year 1973 is regarded as the most important year in the his... Thus by the acquisition of the shares of the company Gulf air became the national carrier of those four countries in the Persian Gulf. Moving further along the line in the same year, Gulf aviation achieved another land mark with the establishment of the subsidiary company of Gulf Helicopters. In the 1980s an increase in the trend of travelling by air was seemed in the world and the air travel was seemed to be the best commuting route in the world. With this opportunity Gulf airways also cashed in to make the best out of the bargain. It was the time of some real growth for the company and the company made the best out of the available opportunities. In the year 1981 Gulf Air became an IATA member and in the following year, it became the first International airline to land at Riyadh. With the progress of the company more and more aircrafts were also being added to the fleet of the company and in the year 1988 Boeing 767s were added to the fleet of the company and with the addition of Boeing 767s more services were offered to different customers of the different destinations. Gulf air also has the prestige of being the first Arab airline to fly directly to the continent of Australia. In the year 1994 Gulf air started receiving the airbus aircrafts and in the year 2000 took t he delivery of all of the remaining airbus aircrafts. In the meanwhile gulf air extended its services to the other parts of the world and the procedure of expansion did not stop. In the 1990s gulf air was down on profits and was not performing well as a corporate entity when the reign of the fleet and resources of gulf air was held in the hands of a newly appointed CEO of the company. In the year 2002 Mr. James Hogan became the president

Whole Milk and Meat is no Good for Children Research Paper

Whole Milk and Meat is no Good for Children - Research Paper Example The paper throws light on the growing concern of antibiotic resistance as a result of excessive utilization of antibiotics in cattle. The harmful effects of Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone coupled with information on what should be done be tackle the prevalent situation has also been incorporated within the body of the paper. Lastly, the text provides a discussion on the use of artificial hormones and their contribution in the development of various health concerns. Key words: Recombinant bovine growth hormones, antibiotics, inorganic milk, cancer, early onset puberty, FDA Whole Milk and Meat not Good for Children Introduction: Milk has always been attributed as a powerhouse of many nutritional ingredients that are essential for bone growth and other body developments. Human beings are mammals and therefore have a unique relationship with milk as it is the first source of nourishment for them after birth. Mainly due to this reason, it is always assumed that milk has only beneficial impact on health. However, this assumption is far from being true. In fact in the present scenario when dairy milk and their products have become a global business many harmful components can be identified not only in the milk but also in the cattle meat. Most of these components are genetically engineered hormones that are injected to obtain increase milk production. Some of these hormones are also responsible for the rapid growth of cows that are raised to be slaughtered for beef. Therefore, these measures are taken to increase productivity that ultimately increases the profit. But it has raised considerable question marks regarding consumer’s health. Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone (rbGH) The commercial sale of milk from rbGH treated cows was approved in 1993 by FDA. Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone (rbGH) is a genetically engineered artificial hormone that was aimed to stimulate milk production in cows. It is legally sold in all 50 states of US under the famous brand name of Posilac, manufactured by Monsanto. It is estimated that about 13000 farmers use this hormone to obtain excess profit from milk industry. But there are major health concerns associated with this particular milk. Although, this hormone does not directly contaminate the milk, it is associated with increase production of Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) in cows. From the studies it is evident that high concentration of this IGF-1 is present in the milk produced by these rbGH treated cows. IGF-1 is a potent carcinogen with anti apoptotic properties. Studies have shown that IGF-1 contributes in the development of many cancers such as breast, prostate, colon and bladder cancer. (Malawa 2002). FDA Approval Despite this possible association of milk, derived from rbGH induced cows, with many cancers the approval from FDA is very shady. Many reasons have been given by the drug authorities to justify their approval. They pounder over the fact that the hormone is directly not present i n the milk. Secondly, according to the FDA Insulin like Growth Factors (IGF-1) is not absorbed orally. This has been concluded on the basis of the research carried by the same pharmaceutical companies, Monsanto and Elanco, who are leading manufacturers of this hormone in the commercial market. The research was conducted on rat models for a very short period of 2-4 weeks. Moreover, they did not access the contribution of IGF-1 in the milk and cancer development. A more in depth research is required in this regard as it is a very serious issue that needs proper investigation. (Malawa 2002). Mastitis in rbGH Treated Cows Most of the animals used for the production of

Law and Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Law and Policy - Case Study Example Information security in an organization involves ensuring that only people with rights to read, change, broadcast and use it have access to it. Different organizations have their own policies which guide the implementation of any new system. Policies in an organization need employees to comply with them. Policies describe the rules and procedures for organization employ to comply with (Kiefer, Wu, Wilson & Sabett 2004). The need for information security is to primarily protect information from any unauthorized party. Several threats can pose to make information insecure. There is a need to ensure information is secure while ensuring that the policies and legal guidelines of the organization and the surrounding environment are adhered with (Kiefer, Wu, Wilson & Sabett 2004). Government and organizational policies dictate the implementation of an information security system. The government policies are determined and issued to organizations depending on the type or kind of governing en vironment within the organization’s operation. The government can be federal, state, local or tribal. The on the type of the business industry, the government policies act as a framework for organizations’ administration or management to comply with in order to secure information and information systems (Straub, Goodman & Baskerville 2008). The need for government policies is to control and regulate the relevant market in order to avoid conflicts which might arise among the industry players. The government policies give a procedure and guidelines for organizational governments to follow when implementing information security systems. Organization policies are devised by the organization as a guideline when implementing a new system. The policies are devised to ensure that laws, regulations and policies are complied to. The policies provide a framework for relevant restrictions and privileges for use of information for every employ. The organization policies strive to e nsure that people and information are protected (Straub, Goodman & Baskerville 2008). This is normally accomplished by setting the rules for access of information for each and every employee use of information (Straub, Goodman & Baskerville 2008). Organizational policies assists the organization in complying with governmental policies in order to avoid violation of the latter’s policies. The policies include the rules which control the actions of information users and management. The policies include authorization privileges for use of information, need for probe, monitoring and investigation on the use of information. The policies also include information infringement consequences, the information security baseline position by the organization. The policies restrict users from accessing what they are not supposed to in order to reduce risk and tampering of information (Straub, Goodman & Baskerville 2008). Organizations need information security policies in order to eradicate or minimize any looming risks associated with the use of information. The eminent risks can be unauthorized access to organization information either internally or externally. The policies set the laws required before the use of any information or implementation of

The Benefits of Using a Curriculum Within the Outdoor Environment Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Using a Curriculum Within the Outdoor Environment Essay If education is a voyage of discovery, why not explore the opportunities to take learning outside? Chiara Pannozzo The Early Years are a time of unrivalled personal discovery, in which each day holds the potential for adventure for a child – and nowhere offers greater potential for adventure than the great outdoors. The benefits of outdoor play are really very basic, says Harry Harbottle, a consultant in play and risk management, who was formerly appointed by the EU as a child safety expert to the European Standards Organisation. If children arent allowed to engage with the elements – mud, water, air, even fire – how can they begin to understand the world that they live in? Harry argues that there is a need to move away from a culture of reluctance to let children explore outdoors. We are at last realising the consequences of children spending most of their time indoors, says Harry. There are too many children who have been adversely affected by a lack of exercise and stimulation. The outdoor environment is a rich, dynamic and natural space to enhance the school curriculum and stimulates quality learning and development in children of all ages. Its value as an essential learning resource has been recognized by many pieces of research and more recently with the ‘Eraly Uears Foundation Stage (EYFS), particularly within the principle of ‘ Enabling Environments’. Outdoor activities, whether they be core National Curriculum core subject or foundation based, can always be adapted, if necessary, for children with additional learning needs/physical disabilities by the teacher doing a reckie of the area outside which is to be used and then assessing how circumstances can be adapted for pupils with such difficulties. Also, a buddy can be placed with a child who has additional needs and assistance given when necessary. It is imperative that restrictions are only placed for health and safety reasons; otherwise, one should always endeavour to give children ownership to encourage a sense of independence and success. To give an example of how an activity could be adapted for children with additional learning needs/physical disability: Making hot chocolate drinks in Kelly Kettle †¢Children collect kindling in areas accessible to them †¢Children stay at base position to help build the waffle raft for fire †¢Children organize kindling into different sizes When the curriculum is taken into the outdoor environment, children have been observed having confidence and independence with activities they have pursued, providing them with a sense of success and raised self esteem. Children will develop relationships (PSHE) with their peers and adults. As confidence grows, children will begin to consider the needs of others (disabled/additional learning needs), as well as individually. Practitioners in the woodland have reflected that children in this environment had gained confidence in adapting to new situations and in trying new experiences. This also impacted on their ability to choose activities independently and their confidence in self initiating tasks was seen to develop dramatically. To give an example of an obvious benefit of bringing the curriculum into the outdoor environment: Child X enjoyed making shelters and would often enlist the aid of one his/her peers by sayon, â€Å"Oh – this log is heavy, can you help me ? † The other children present would the all work as a team by holding onto the large log and assist moving it into position. Child X had acquired more skill in making and strengthening friendships , the art of consideration and compromise – â€Å"Can I help you? instead of â€Å"That’s mine! †. Though these changes may be maturational, children’s experiences gave them real opportunities for practising these elementary life skills. ‘ Through their comments (the significant other), practitioners should see their role as very varied and should include: ensuring the environment is safe, allowing the children choice of equipment such as, ropes, trowels and buckets, observing and valuing their self initiated learning. Practitioners should feel by questioning, suggesting and providing propts/props, they can extend children’s self-initiated development. Dowling describes self-initiated play as spontaneous, where the practitioner can choose to be involved by participating alongside and offering a reassuring presence. Such an important aspect needs to be adopted by all adults who work with children involved in bringing the curriculum into the outdoor environment, if this is to be a successful element for children’s potential learning. â€Å"The adult needs to be aware of the potential for learning in children’s play, but this is a very different matter from predetermining the play. ’ – Dowling (1992)

Hemispheric Interference In Manual Verbal Tasks Psychology Essay

Hemispheric Interference In Manual Verbal Tasks Psychology Essay Research has shown that different hemispheres are responsible for different functions. It is argued that if two or more tasks are loaded on the same hemisphere, the overall performance of these tasks will deteriorate. This occurrence has been explained by the hemispheric interference theory which states that multiple tasks demanding cognitive attention from the same hemisphere will encounter interference due to the additional demands. In this study, this phenomenon was examined among 378 subjects using the manual-verbal task paradigm. Participants were asked to balance a dowel rod on their left and right hands alternatively across two conditions silent and verbal. Their preferred handedness were also taken into account and assessed by the Edinburg Handedness Inventory. Results obtained from an independent t-test analysis revealed that interference in right hand balancing is significantly more than left hand balancing in the verbal condition. This suggested that magnitude of interfer ence is larger when both tasks utilize the same hemisphere. Furthermore, it was also evident that interference occurs during dual tasks in both left and right hand condition. This suggested that contrary to several prior studies, speech is bi-lateralized. Hemispheric Interference in Manual-Verbal Tasks Extensive research has been done on brain hemispheres and the different functions each of them is responsible for. Clinical research reveals that the left hemisphere is responsible for speech and fine motor abilities while the right hemisphere is accountable for spatial functions (McGowan Duka, 2000). However, when it comes to motor skills, roles of left and right hemisphere have been shown to be asymmetrical, that is, the left hemisphere is responsible for manual tasks on the right hand and right hemisphere controls tasks on the left (Hiscock Kinsbourne, 1979). Asymmetrical cerebral lateralization and unilateral hand preference are usually correlated since birth. It was also noted that hemispheric lateralization occurs at a very young age but does not necessarily increase with it (Hiscock Kinsbourne). With these on board, it is argued that when dual-tasks are lateralized, that is, they load on the same hemisphere, performance will decline because of the increased cognitive demands on a limited brain capacity. This phenomenon has been explained by cerebral lateralization interference which explains that mutual interference occurs in the event of hemispheric sharing between several tasks, resulting in an overall decrement in performance of tasks (Kinsbourne Cook, 1971). However, it should be noted that due to each tasks distinct characteristics and demands, lateralization do not occur in a consistent manner. This in turn affects the amount of interference incurred. For example, in an experiment done by Hiscock, Kinsbournce, Samuels and Krause (1987), it was observed that speaking was more disruptive as opposed to memory encoding in a dual task paradigm where subjects were finger tapping. This suggests that different cognitive processes involved result in different lateralization and interference of varying magnitude. Other factors such as difficulty have also been observed to affect this phenomenon. An experiment done by Hicks (1975), which consisted of a manual task (finger tapping) across verbal tasks of various difficulty levels revealed that the more complex the verbal task was, the worse the manual task was performed. This finding can be interpreted to show that the more cognitively demanding a task is, the greater the interference. Other independent variables observed to affect concurrent task performance and hemisphere interference include gender and practice effects (Medlan, Geffen Mcfarland, 2002). As mentioned, vocalization utilizes the left hemisphere. However, it is noteworthy that there are various underlying cognitive processes that lead to vocalization. Factors that influence these cognitive processes include tasks stimulus and intention. In an experiment done by Steiner, Green and White (1992), it was observed that when subjects are required to process the meaning of a verbal task before recitation, there was a larger interference in the manual task, as opposed to the mere act of reading. This suggests that increased complexity of verbal task, such as the need for comprehension, results in a greater magnitude of interference. With that being said, verbalization is often coupled with a manual task as a means of assessing hemispheric laterality and interference. An early indication of asymmetric lateralization where a left lateralized effect was observed was evident in a dual-task experiment done by Kinsbourne Cook (1971). Subjects in this experiment were noted to struggle with manual tasks on their right hand when they were asked to speak simultaneously. This finding has since then been replicated in various experiments, such as those done by Hicks (1975) and Hiscock, Kinsbournce, Samuels Krause (1987), who attributed the asymmetry of interference to the fact that both right-hand tasks and speaking are controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere of right-handers. It was suggested that with competition for attention and abilities from concurrent tasks, the performance will inevitably decline due to the limited capacity of the hemisphere (Hiscock et al., 1987). It was further noted in the paper done by Hick s (1975) that this occurrence does not extend to left hand movements as they are controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere, which was noted to be rather disassociated from its left counterpart. However, if such an explanation is accurate, no interference should be noted when the tasks are managed by the left hand as the two tasks are loading on separate hemispheres. In contrary, prior research has shown that there is a sizeable interference effect even when manual tasks were performed on the left hand. This result suggests bilateral lateralization (Dimond Beaumont, 1972). In other words, verbal tasks might utilize both hemispheres instead of only the left, as previously hypothesized. This finding was affirmed by Beaton (1979), who stated that this interaction is a result of function sharing between hemispheres and is dependent on the cognitive demands of the task. In order to examine this phenomenon further, we build on the work of Kinsbourne Cook (1971) to examine if there is any difference in hemispheric interference between left and right motor skills using a manual-verbal task combination. Correspondingly, the manual task in this experiment consisted of balancing a dowel stick across two conditions, silent and speaking (single and dual task respectively). The influence of verbal task on manual task was examined by performance of dowel balancing, measured in time (seconds). It was hypothesized that in the speaking condition, dowel-balancing time on the right hand will be shorter than the left hand. It was predicted that this would occur because the act of speaking significantly interferes with the right hand balancing in the left hemisphere. This paper aims to covers the methodological and empirical foundations underlying the theories of cerebral lateralization interference. Method Subjects All 378 subjects were undergraduates enrolled in enrolled in PSY3350 Biological Psychology, Sensation and Perception in Edith Cowan University. All students did a checklist of questions regarding their preferred handedness and assessed by the Edinburg Handedness Inventory. Results obtained defined the handedness of the subject and revealed a mean handedness quotient of 0.83 (SD = 0.20). Only right-handers balancing time were taken into account in this experiment. Material and Design Subjects were assigned to groups of four. A wooden dowel rod (1.25 cm x 92 cm long) was used for the dual task balancing experiment. Students were asked to balance the dowel rod on alternate hands across two conditions silent and speaking. Time taken to balance was measured by a fellow group mate with a phone. For the speaking condition, another group mate held a conversation with the subject based on any topic (not limited). On top of that, Edinburg Handedness Inventory with a total of 10 questions based on daily activities was used to measure degree of preferred handedness. This test has been deemed sufficiently reliable by Oldfield (1970) to assess handedness in large populations. An experiment done by Williams (1991) further concluded that this test is reliable with a cronbachs alpha of .93, indicating internal consistency. Procedure Students were asked to gather in a classroom for the evening class. A brief introduction and purpose of the dual-task experiment was given by the lecturer before the start of the experiment. The experiment was held either in the classroom or the corridor, both of which were air-conditioned. In a standing position, subjects were asked to balance a dowel rod vertically on their index finger for as long as they can. Each trial commenced when the timer said start and ended when the subject lost control of the dowel rod i.e. dowel rod fell to the ground or hit against something. The experiment consisted of eight trials in total right and left trials alternated across two conditions, silent and speaking. The balancing time of each trial was recorder by a timer. Each condition was timed twice before the average was calculated. In the speaking condition, a conversation on a random topic was held with a fellow group mate. After the experiment, subjects were then instructed to complete the Ed inburg Inventory Checklist that measured ones preferred handedness based on a checklist of 10 questions about daily activities. Upon completion, both time sheet and Edinburg Handedness Inventory were handed in together to the lecturer for further analysis. Results Data with a total sample size of 378 was collected. This included time measured across four different conditions: left hand-silent, left hand-verbal, right hand-silent and right hand-verbal. It was hypothesized that in the speaking condition, dowel-balancing time on the right hand will be shorter than the left. Table 1 Average time of dowel balancing across conditions and interference incurred Condition / Dependent Variable Mean Std. Deviation (seconds) Left Silent 11.05 18.15 Left Verbal 10.34 18.76 Right Silent 17.27 29.04 Right Verbal 12.80 20.67 Amount of Left Balancing Interference (Verbal-Silent) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢0.72 10.19 Amount of Right Balancing Interference (Verbal-Silent) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4.48 19.18 Table 1 shows the average time of dowel balancing across conditions and interference incurred in left and right hand in the verbal condition. It is evident in Table 1 that overall, balancing on silent condition for both left (M = 11.05 sec, SD = 18.15) and right hand (M = 17.27 sec, SD = 29.04) is better than balancing in the verbal condition for both left (M = 10.34 sec, SD = 18.76) and right hand (M = 12.80 sec, SD = 20.67). Furthermore, right balancing interference (M = -4.48 sec, SD = 19.18) is larger than left balancing interference (M = -.72 sec, SD = 10.19). A dependent two-tailed t-test conducted was able to further confirm that there this difference is significant, t(377) = 3.8, p Discussion It was hypothesized that verbalization shortens dowel balancing time on the right hand more than the left. Results obtained from this experiment support this hypothesis. It was noted earlier in this paper that manual tasks are managed by asymmetrical hemispheres and speech by the left hemisphere. Hence, a larger interference was observed in right hand balancing and speaking as they are both left lateralized. This is in favour of prior dual tasks researches, such as those done by Kinsbourne Cook (1971) and Hicks (1975), who attributed the interference to additional cognitive demands on a limited hemisphere capacity that arise from simultaneous tasks. Furthermore, it was theoretically suggested that speech is controlled by the left hemisphere alone. In contrary, results from this experiment did not reflect this as interference was evident in both left and right hand balancing during dual tasks, differing only in degree of influence. One explanation for this present result is that under different stimulus conditions, verbalization might utilize both hemispheres due to the different cognitive processes involved. Bi-lateralizing of speech is thus inferred. These findings lend further support to the studies done by Beaton (1979) and Dimond and Beautmont (1972), who indicated that when the demands of the tasks exceed a certain level, unilateral hemispheric processing gives way to bilateral processing. Lastly, it is also noteworthy that lateralized interference in this and prior experiments seem to only occur in one direction i.e. the verbal task affects the manual task. An explanation for this occurrence can be derived from the selective attention theory formed by Stroop (1935), who states that when the brain is confronted with different type of information to register, it has a tendency to do the activity that requires the least usage of cognitive abilities first. Dowel balancing is a manual task that requires minimal cognitive effort but demand ongoing attention while speaking, in this case, is a routinized verbal skill. In conclusion, hemispheric interference occurs during dual tasks due to the additive demands on the brain of a limited capacity. However, contrary to popular research, interference may occur in both hemispheres instead of just the designated section responsible for the task. This suggests bi-lateralization which indicates that both hemispheres may be utilized, depending on the cognitive demands. That being said, there are still many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization. In particular, it remains unclear in this experiment which aspect of language and nonverbal ability is being lateralized. This is because an unlimited topic produces an unlimited variety of question, which might result in different cognitive processes and hence, different lateralization. Future research should include cross-validating dual tasks results across various conditions to identify the confounding factors that affect single versus dual task influence on performance.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Outsourcing Robert and Gordon (1996) claims that outsourcing has expanded considerably over the last two decades. The reason behind this expansion is that economies of scale became more apparent in the recent years than it was earlier. Outsourcing is a management approach that involves delegation of an activity to an external service provider which was previously performed internally (Lankford and Parsa, 1999). The activity must have been performed internally before outsourcing to third party. If the activity is delegated to another vendor without performing internally then it would be ‘externalization’ rather than outsourcing. The term outsourcing itself shows from ‘out’ ‘source’ (i.e. external source). In the earlier phase of 1960, outsourcing was merely considered as contractual agreements wherein a supplier does processing or is providing services for another company. But, it is different from regular purchasing agreement as outsourcing is not selling o ff a part of the business. The Out-contracted services or processes must be replaced by the supplier in outsourcing. This is the basic difference between regular purchasing agreement and outsourcing. Outsourcing is not simply a make it or buy it decision, the activities outsourced must be of significant interest for the company (Bryce and Useem, 1998). The term outsourcing often leads to confusion in what is meant by outsourcing, when used in place of a more specific term (Andrade and Chapman, 1998). According to Johnson (1997): Contracting-out, contract manufacturing, employee leasing, sub-contracting, consulting, contract services and contract programming, are often mistaken as mere outsourcing as all of these items are similar to outsourcing. But, on the other hand these items bear different characteristics as well which differentiates them from outsourcing. 3.1.1 Motives for outsourcing A company will decide to outsource an activity when such an activity can be performed by other companies at a lower cost by using economies of scale (Kakabadse Kakabadse, 2002). Nowadays, companies use common sourcing strategy of outsourcing as a tactical quick fix at the times of financial difficulty and rely on outsourcing strategy to come out of financial crisis or provide cash infusions (Johnson, 1997). Outsourcing decision also erupts from the search for competitive advantage. Porter (1980) views that a company needs to identify its competitive advantage. Once the company identifies its core business activities then it can outsource other non-core activities to focus more on core businesses. According to Juma’h and Wood (2000), smaller companies are likely to gain the best results from outsourcing. Their main motive is to prosper from the advantage of economies of scale. Smaller companies often find it difficult to achieve economies of scale within their internal activities and functions as they lack the ability. But, they are more flexible in absorbing change and innovations into their organisation. Thus outsourcing may come as a saviour for small companies to achieve functional efficiency similar to those of large companies (Juma’h and Wood, 2000). Juma’h and Wood (2000) argue that larger companies theoretically benefit less from outsourcing as compared to smaller companies in terms of cost reduction as large companies already enjoy the benefits of economies of scale in many cases or at least possess the capability or expertise to achieve it internally. In despite of this, the most frequent users of outsourcing are larger companies. There are apparently other reasons underlying for outsourcing other than realizing benefits of economies of scale from competitive advantage. According to Fan (2000) the other motives to outsource are: reduced costs, improved managerial focus, improvised quality, enhanced flexibility to facilitate change. Fill and Visser (2000) identifies the same drivers with some additions such as: increased knowledge and capacity, potential for creating strategic business alliance, reduction of investment, technical considerations, increased access to functional capacity, and fewer internal administrative problems. Outsourcing is generally accepted as a view of contracting out or disposing parts of business to achieve tactical benefits. However, Johnson (1997) in contrast cited a new view on outsourcing: viewing outsourcing as a way to offer structural change. According to the new approach, the company undertaking the activity (outsourcee) is viewed as being brought in by the outsourcer rather than contracted out. The author further developed these views and classified reasons to outsource into tactical and strategic reasons. Both these reasons differ from each other on the basis of their focus on short-term (tactical) and long-term (strategic) benefits. The tactical reasons for outsourcing comes from the functions outsourced which are beyond the control of the company and difficult to manage. Smaller companies generally go for outsourcing with the view of achieving economies of scale while large companies often benefit from outsourcing activities which are out of their control. Another reason of this category may be that the company outsource activity at times of financial distress to obtain capital funds for core activities. But, these tactical reasons to outsource are of short term nature (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). Apart from tactical reasons, there are other strategic reasons to outsource which focuses on longer term and are associated with gaining access to world-class knowledge and expertise, the risk sharing and the focus on core competencies. An organisation can reduce its risk significantly by means of outsourcing. The foremost strategic reason for outsourcing is to increase company focus on core competencies of the organization (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). Problems with outsourcing Outsourcing poses a number of rewards to an organisation such as cost reduction, focus on core competencies, improved quality. But, there are number of disadvantages also underlying to outsourcing namely enhanced dependency on supplier, employee redundancy, loss of control, increased expenditure due to ‘hidden’ outsourcing costs (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) every organization needs to identify, cultivate and exploit their core competencies in order to grow. Competitive advantage might be lost if core business are outsourced. Therefore, it should be seen by the company that no mistakes are made in identifying core competence. Significant Knowledge of the company will fade off if core activities are outsourced which is difficult to rebuild once lost. Bonifazi  et al.  (2004) views ten traps in an outsourcing project that should be taken into consideration during the implementation of the project. To begin with, lack of management commitment; lack of communication plan; minimal knowledge and experience of supplier; failure to recognize outsourcing risks by companies; failure to obtain outside outsourcing professionals; failure to utilize internal resources by organizations; rushing through vendor selection; ignoring cultural differences; minimizing vendor productivity; the last trap described is the failure caused by not understanding the ongoing outsourcing relationship with the vendor. Diminishing quality service and insufficient flexibility in achieving the desired results also contributes towards outsourcing risks. All these risks should be considered at the time of contract formulation. By designing a proper contract outsourcing risks may be well protected (Andrade Chapman, 1998). The whole structure of the organization can be affected by a single outsourcing agreement. 3.1.3 Common Outcomes Outsourcing is a powerful corporate strategy that requires flexibility in the sense global business takes place. Used effectively, outsourcing can very well live up to the standards set in the beginning of the agreement (Bonifazi  et al.,  2004). But, if used ineffectively the agreement may culminate in search of another vendor or by bringing the outsourced activity back ‘in-house’ (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Backsourcing Backsourcing currently lacks a common definition. However, Andrade Chapman (1998) gives a definition which is easier to understand once the term outsourcing is understood. He defines backsourcing as process of bringing back outsourced functions in-house. When an activity originally performed internally by the company and then contracted out to a vendor, is brought back in-house is referred to as ‘backsourcing’ (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Backsourcing is often mistaken as insourcing. But, both of them deviate on the aspect that insourcing is bringing back the functions in-house that were never outsourced but initially contracted out while in backsourcing the functions that were outsourced is brought back home. In other words, in backsourcing the activities must have been previously outsourced. 3.2.1 Motives  for Backsourcing A company may end an outsourcing contract even if everything was all right. The reasons being behind this may be that the company would have restructured its organization, might have entered a new market or would have been affected by law changes (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Some companies solve the problem of poor outsourcing results by bringing the outsourced function back home. Kakabadse Kakabadse (2002) points out that such a remedy is often costlier to the outsourcer and discomfit to the vendor. Despite, of heavy costs for reabsorbing many companies still choose to undergo for backsourcing. Reverting back the outsourced functions also raises finger on the organizations’ previous decision and judgement. However, press reports show that backsourcing is becoming common now-a-days (Wong, 2008). The various risks and problems associated with outsourcing explode motives for undertaking backsourcing. Deteriorating quality service and minimal elasticity in the agreement to respond to such deterioration is the single most common motive for backsourcing (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Loss of control, increased cost and trustworthiness are also drivers of backsourcing (Wong, 2008). According to Wong (2008) power and politics may also be a motive for backsourcing. He explains that power and politics among senior executives of the organization might play an important role at the time of outsourcing. When this set of executives are replaced by new executives who believe in internal development of an activity previously outsourced, then the strategy inside the company will change once again from outsourcing to backsourcing. In other words, embedding of knowledge about the outsourced function within the company may lead to backsourcing. Changes in vendor organization may also trigger backso urcing. If the vendor organization merges with other organization to form a new entity, then there is a possibility of change in perception of new entity. The changed perception of the new entity on ongoing outsourcing contract may create disputes between the parties leading towards backsourcing (Wong, 2008). Table 1.1 Illustration of Backsourcing cases 3.2.2 Backsourcing Implications The process of backsourcing can be a significant endeavour, but its activities are very intricate and require lot of attention together with hard work. If backsourcing plans are not formulated diligently, then it can easily cause employee fatigue (Azzouqa, 2008). According to Andrade Chapman (1998) staffing is the main issue since competence can rarely be found back-home. This is because at the time of outsourcing an activity, the staffs related to the activity is often either transferred to the vendor company or is resigned from the company. Therefore, one implication of backsourcing is to hire staff from the contractor or from the market. The process of hiring might not be successful as the personnel might not have preferred competence as required by backsourcing company (Andrade Chapman, 1998). As a result of backsourcing, companies have to pay huge compensation to the vendor company to reabsorb the outsourced activities back into the organization, if the contract is terminated before its expiry. The strategy of backsourcing can also be adopted after the expiry of contract. However, in this situation also the company has to bear high cost for re-insourcing (Wong, 2008). Thus, in the both the circumstances organizations have to incur huge expenses. For example, Farmers group paid $4 million as termination fees to IBM to extricate itself from its agreement (Overby, 2003 cited by Wong, 2008). Technology procurement is also a significant matter that should be addressed at the time of backsourcing an activity. When the activity is outsourced, the technology used to perform those activities is often sold since it is rarely of any use to company after discontinuation of activity. Therefore, bringing an activity back in-house whether in terms of backsourcing or insourcing would almost require acquiring new technology. This may again be a costlier practice for the company and can take long time to internalize technology within the organization (Andrade Chapman, 1998). However, reducing costs and control of operating costs are considered as most significant drivers of outsourcing (Fan, 2000).

Living in a Barbie World :: social issues

Living in a Barbie World She took the world by storm with her luxurious blond hair, blue eyes, and long legs. Soon, little girls all over the world were emulating and praising this eleven-and-a-half-inch-tall plastic doll (Napier). Throughout the decades, she has become an icon to little girls, so much that some are wondering whether the stereotypical ideals for women exemplified by Barbie have affected females in regards to body image. When Barbie first appeared, she bore her trademark black and white swimsuit and swirling ponytail. Over the years as fashion and teenage lifestyle trends have shifted, so has Barbie. She has evolved from having bendable legs, a twisting waist, long hair, and sophisticated look in the 1960s to the athletically inclined Barbie with bendable wrists, elbows, and ankles in the 1970s. In the 1980s, a new friendlier, open-mouthed smiling, and bright-eyed Barbie emerged on the scene (Riddick). Her wardrobe took on a bit of pizzazz in the 1990s when she started sporting clothes created by famous fashion designers such as Calvin Klein and Vera Wang (Fashion). Not only has this doll transformed into an internationally known fashion savvy doll, she has left psychologists and parents wondering if she may be at fault for many female body image problems because of her overly slender stature. It is incredibly amazing that anyone could consider the body measurements of 5'6", 110 pounds, and 39-18-33 attainable or at all a realistic womanly figure (Napier). These are Barbie's measurements in proportion to the size of a real woman and also the spark that started the fire of controversy concerning gender stereotyping in the nation. The accusations by feminists and doctors alike are that Mattel, the manufacturer of the doll, has projected harmful body images onto our female youth by subtly placing these stereotypes into the media and into little girls hands. The psychologists insist that the young girls notice the body shapes of the doll and translate them into what a female should physically look like thus creating a problem down the road such as low self-esteem or an eating disorder (Langley). Although the Barbie manufacturer's prime intention for the doll was to inspire self-esteem, glamour, and friendship, society's stereotypes have caused her much media strife. There has been so much controversy that in 1998 she underwent plastic surgery to reduce her breast size, liposuction her hips, and inject the fat into her waist.

Rates of Reaction :: Papers

Rates of Reaction Prediction (Na2 S2 O3 + 2HCL ---> 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O) This is the equation for Sodium Thiosulphate reacting with 2 Molar of Hydrochloric Acid. There are a number of variables in the experiment which must be controlled in order for the experiment to be a fair test. These include temperature, which must be kept constant throughout the experiment or the results would not match. The experiment will be performed at room temperature (Around 25 degrees). Another variable is volume of Hydrochloric acid, which must be kept the same as well. For this experiment, I will be using 5cm of HCL. If all of these variables are controlled, then the experiment will be a fair test. However, there will be a degree of human error because there is no definate point at which the cross disappears, it relies on human judgement. My prediction is that as the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate decreases, the rate of reaction will decrease accordingly and the reaction will take longer to complete. This is the basic principle of the Particle Theory. The particle theory is that if there are less atoms to 'collide' into each other and react, then the reaction will be slower than if there were more atoms to collide. Therefore, if the concentration, so number of atoms if lower, then the amount of collisions between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid will be less frequent. Also, when the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate is higher, the water will get cloudy faster due to the fact that there will be less water available to disrupt the reaction. [IMAGE] As the reaction takes place, the amount of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate decreases, which therefore decreases the probability of the two atoms hitting each other, reacting. The reaction will slow down, because if two Thiosulphate atoms or two HCL atoms collide, then nothing will happen. This is the particle theory. Method Equipment  · Beakers  · Measuring cylinders

It’s the End of the World as We Know it Essay

In the last century the world has been predicted to end 9 times. These dates include: 1910, 1914, 1936, 1982, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2011, and of course 2012. Signs that â€Å"the end is near† are everywhere! They can be seen in the hundreds of doomsday websites, shows on The History Channel, and the ever so credible Hollywood film â€Å"2012†. Aside from the media influence, there are also â€Å"historical† and â€Å"scientific† theories that support the end of the world, none of which are very credible. The theories of 2012olgy and the end of the world include predictions from the Maya calendar, solar flares, Planet X, polar shift, and galactic alignment. Thousands of years ago (AD 250) the Maya culture was very advanced for their time. They had a fully developed spoken and written language, advancements in architecture, art, and mathematical and astronomical systems. What they are commonly known for, however, is their calendar. A common misconception about the calendar is that it is similar to the calendar used today, which is not the case. Time in our culture is linear, here today gone tomorrow. In Maya culture, periods of time would be repeated through world ages. The current world age cycle that we are in is the Long Count, which is 5125 years long. This age cycle is ending on December 21, 2012 but that does NOT mean the end of the world. They never predicted a doomsday, but rather the birth of a new era. â€Å"They see it as a great turning point. Not the end of the world, not a great off-switch in the sky, but the birth of the Fifth Age.† (John Jenkins, 2012 Story) The Maya believed that this would be a time of change and that the world would go through the â€Å"melinium of gold† ( Daniel Pinchbeck, 2012 The Return of Quetzalcoatl). The idea of 2012 being the end of the world was actually first suggested in 1987 by New Age religionist Jose Arguelles in his book The Mayan Factor: Path Beyond Technology. (DEFINE NEW AGE) The next theory is solar flares. A solar flare is a flare of heat that comes from the sun and can cause anything from power outages to the Aura Borilis (Northern Lights). In the movie 2012, this is what starts out the cautstrophic events that take place. Solar flares are very common and every 11 years the sun reaches its Solar Maximum. This means that that the solar flares reach their highest rate at this point. This has happened through out history and will continue to happen in the future, whether the world is planned to end or not. According to NASA, â€Å"The Solar Storms are not planned to occur in 2013, not 2012 and the flares will be much less significant than the ones seen in previous years. † (David Morrison, NASA, 2010). The most absurd prediction in 2012ology is Planet X. Planet X is an invisible planet 4 times the size of Earth that will come crashing toward us on December 21, 2012 although astronomers have yet to find it (most likely because it’s invisible). This â€Å"planet† will then knock Earth off its axis, out of orbit, and into space forever to be lost. Donald Yeomans of NASA in the Near-Earth Object Program said, â€Å"There’s no Planet X and nothing is hurdling towards us.† NASA is very against the 2012 phenomon, they have had press confersions on the topic and have even dedicated a tab on their webpage for it. On December 21st the Earth will be in exact allignment with the Sun in the center of the Milkyway Galaxy. This is austonishing! This is extrodinary! This†¦ happens every year. From the years preceding 2012 to the years to come, the Earth and the Sun will always align in the middle of the galaxy and 2012 is nothing special. There will be no planetary alignment as seen in the movie 2012, the last one occured in (INSERT YEAR HERE) and will not happen again until (INSERT YEAR HERE). (David Morrison, NASA) Some 2012olist believe that because the Earth will be in the center of the galaxy that this will cause the rotation to be off balanced. Aside from the allignment happening every year, even if this once in a melinuim ordel it still would not affect the rotation of the Earth. The only things that affect the Earth’s rotation are the Sun and the Moon. Another scarnio about how the world will end is by polar shifting. It has been scientifically proven that the poles have switched in the past, millions of years ago. David Morrison from NASA said, â€Å"There is no reason for the poles to switch and there would be no harm anyways, 2012 is a hoax,†. Donald Yeomans, also with NASA, said, â€Å"Polar reversal takes place roughly every 400,000 years and the process itself takes decades.† There is nothing to worry about, the world is safe. According to Neil de Grasse Tyson of NASA, â€Å"Earth will be here before, during, and after 2012.† This is just another doomsday date publized by the media and unqualified scientist and historians based on little to wrong eveidence. The Mayan calenders claim that there will be a time of change, not the end of the world. Solar storms are common with the Sun and activity picks up every 11 years, so this will not be a problem until 2013 anyways. The idea of a giant invisible Planet X that is going to crash into the Earth and send it hurdling off into space without proof is nonsense. Donald Yeomans said, â€Å"Extrodinary claims require extrodinary evidance.† and there is none in requards to Planet X. The allignment with the Sun in the center of the galaxy happens every year, although interesting, has no affect on the world or its rotation. And finally, the polar shift will not happen again for thousands of years and even when it does it will be slow and gradual. It is not the end of the world as we know it after all because the Maya Calenders, solar storms, Planet X, Sun allignment, and polar shift will not cause the world to end on December 21, 2012.

Research Essay: Elements of Classic Conditioning Essay

In the niggling Albert sample of instruct Emotional Reactions, baby Albert was expose to various stimuli which were paired with a tawdry banging echo on a proscribe. A informer was put a just nowting to Albert and when he would reach for the bring out, they would bang that bar to get baby Albert to display awe by call. Albert was conditioned to the point that by simply showing him the bum he would cry and want to crawl away. He knew that along with the rat, came the loud clanging noise, thereof he felt that by head offing the rat, he would as vigorous be able to avoid the noise.In classical condition, the unconditioned foreplay (US) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a retort (Cherry). In this study, the unconditioned stimulation (US) is the noise of the banging bar. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the rat and the conditioned response (CR) is that of baby Albert crying and crawling away from the rat. The conditioned stimulus is a s timulus that was formerly neutral, but becomes linked with the unconditioned stimulus, and eventually elicits a certain response (Cherry). undersized Albert was also exposed to various otherwise stimuli, ilk masks, a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, cotton and wool. In all of these incidences, Little Albert reacted negatively. He was so accustomed to the rat producing the loud bang of the bar, that he started to certify generalization when all of these other items were introduced. inductive reasoning occurs when a similar stimulus is introduced resignation the same conditioned response. (Feist & Rosenberg, 2012 p. 310). at that place was markedly little difference in his reply to these other stimuli in comparison to the answer with the rat.In this research study the conditioning did not last over snip due to extinction. Little Albert was exposed repeatedly to the identical stimuli and therefore the aversion to the rat and banging bar decreased. The rat no longer yielded the same results it once did. Although he still shied away from it, he no longer exhibited the fearful crying that was once present. The conditioned responses persisted, although with a loss in the severity of the response (Watson & Rayner, 1920). In my sound judgement, this experimentation is highly wrong.First, I have to approve what the effects of this experiment had on Little Albert later on in his life. The bind stated that right up until the sidereal day he left the hospital, the experiment continued. on that point was no evidence of follow up or desensitization with this young infant. The other argona of concern for me is that this experiment was conducted with a loud banging noise in propinquity to Little Alberts ear. mental picture to loud noises especially noises in pen up proximity to the ear, can cause preventive Induced Hearing Loss (Bredenkamp & Gnaupp). There was no indication that this was even considered.These are only a few of the unethical conditions under which this experiment was conducted. This experiment cannot be conducted today because Little Alberts well being was not protected, and in my opinion this experiment could have been quite destructive to his overall health. ? References Bredenkamp, J. K. , & Gnaupp, F. B. (n. d. ). Noise induced listening loss and its prevention. Retrieved October 18, 2013. from http//www. medicinenet. com/noise_induced_hearing_loss_and_its_prevention/page4. htm Cherry, K. (n. d. ). Conditioned Stimulus About. com Psychology.Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http//psychology. about. com/od/cindex/g/condstim. htm Cherry, K. (n. d. ). What Is an Unconditioned Stimulus? Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http//psychology. about. com/od/uindex/g/unconditioned. htm Feist, G. J. , & Rosenberg, E. L. (2012). Learning. In Psychology Perspectives & connections (p. 310). Retrieved from https//digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu//books/0077736494/pages/66379448 Watson, J. B. , & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emo tional reactions. Journal of Experimental Pscyhology, 2, pp. 1-14.

“Jasper Jones” by Craig Silvey Essay Essay

When Jasper Jones asks Charlie for help, he in addition asks Charlie to develop a new righteous code, one that sees beyond schematic religion to a deeper, more conglomerate discernment of right and wrong. Discuss with close quotation to the novel.In the novel Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey, we the proofreader see the gradual evolution of deterrent example encountering that the young protagonist endures as he observes the honorableity of others. A outshout for help from the towns half-caste misfit in brief triggers the burdening question that the young boy carries with him end-to-end the novel, the legality emerging as his tacit observations strip past faux facades deviation the justice of right and wrong.Charlie is best describe as a wallflower, the unlikely hoagie who seems to shy way from confrontation and perceives the realism on the basis of words scripted by the likes of Harper Lee and gradation Twain. Silveys cargonful composition of the flake enables us to perceive the story on an un-biased and open-minded basis. Within the opening chapter, Charlie is rigid in an unfamiliar position, challenging his sign thoughts on right and wrong, We have drowned her. We be heller. The young sheltered boy who has committed this fleck alongside the notorious Jasper Jones begins his journey with an undying sense of uncertainty, tho we soon see how Charlie perceives Jasper, his laddie participator I think hes the most honest person in this town. This bold friendship, formed in secrecy, exposes young Charlie to ever looming maturity, a windowpane into a world that deserts the truth pure(a) and sees the faults that lie within the streets of Corrigan. Charlie has yet to live on this in its full glory only when Jaspers presence trigger the turn off of inquisitive questions in young Charlies mind.Throughout the novel we see the with child(p) theme of prejudice and ill-conceived mindsets that the downcast mining town of Corrigan carrys, res ulting in outcasts with reputations reinforced on fiction. The wild ways of jasper Jones seems to pall this town through with(predicate) false sightings and private accounts. Jasper Jonesthe poster boy for bad behaviour. As Charliewinces down strong spirits that snub his throat to the pit of his stomach, he listens intently to Jaspers drunken ramblings, words that leave a deeper meaning in the readers mind. nuthin up there that gives a shit if I took a pack of smokes or move a tin of beef, Im left with myself, and I know whats right and what isnt. The beauty of his justification, through the sore eyes of individual who has witnessed the truth bathroom established morals, leaves a large(p) influence on Charlie. His entire idea of ethics being crushed by Jaspers words on lower-ranking town morality, an empty hollow lambast covered with tales of Godly observers who bring headache to mortals, rules set by society which atomic number 18 left insignificant and disregarded by many. Hardship and the knowledge of Corrigans conventional morality, a victim of its lies have influenced Jaspers unique look on ethics.As the novel progresses Charlie begins to evolve into a get along with adolescent. Jaspers influence on Charliewhether it is from having his offset printing swig of alcohol or ever-changing and broadening his perspective on moral codeis a major divisor to Charlies understanding, as is discovery, mainly of the trickery that runs through the town. Major honorable figures are soon seen as disgraceful citizens who contain contradictory morals, which co-exist nevertheless. Following the beating Jasper receiveswithout justificationfrom the Sarge, Charlie remains astounded at the truth if I hadnt touched the ill-favored pink pucker with my fingertips, I wouldnt suspect this man to be the monster he was. The rate of faux facades that shatter throughout the journey escalate, as does Charlies understanding of right and wrong someone mentioned Jasper Jones. The same way they did when the post stake burned to the groundAnd I understand then that maybe we really did do the wrong thing for the right priming coat. This pivotal thought marks the catamenia when Charlies uncertainty evaporated, his one dimensional view on justice and morality evolving into a far more complex understating.The novel described as a coming-of-age story, is true throughout Charlies journey. The education of the character within such a short time frame is conducted through experience and various influences, some which act as building blocks and others that rip away the veil of ignorance. As the novel concludes Charlie joins his fellow accomplice in seeing Corrigan andconventional morals in its true light.